CONTENTS
Introduction
Precautions; Required Materials
Introduction
and Anatomical Terminology,
Microscopy
and Histology: Epithelial Tissues, Skin
Connective Tissues: Bone, Cartilage
Skeleton: The Skull and Axial Skeleton
Skeleton: Appendicular Skeleton
Arthrology: Muscle Histology, Physiology, Motor Points, Body Movement
[Muscle I: Head, Neck, Trunk] [Torso Muscle Drawings] [Ant Torso] [Post Torso]
[Muscle II: Arm, Abdomen, Pelvis] [Arm Muscle Drawings] [Arm Figures]
[Muscle III: Leg] [Leg Muscle Drawings] [Ant Leg] [Post Leg]
Nervous System: Histology, Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves: Spinal Reflexes, Peripheral Nerves][Spinal Nerves of the Arm]
[Spinal Nerves of the Leg] [Muscular Innervation] [Cutaneous Nerve Distribution of the Arm]
[Cutaneous Nerve Distribution of the Leg]
Nervous System: Cranial Nerves
INTRODUCTION
Preparation. The key to success in this lab is preparation! Prior to each lab you should prepare by completing the reading assignments and the written lab manual exercises, studying the appropriate tables and figures in your books and syllabus, and writing out definitions to terms to know in your syllabus. An appropriate definition in anatomy and physiology will often include information on the location, structure and function of a particular structure or the effectors, dynamics, and regulation of a particular process or function.
It is strongly suggested that you enroll in BIOL 237 and 247L concurrently. These are two
components of the same course. They are designed to complement and reinforce one another in
course content. In any case you are well advised to purchase and use the textbook for BIOL 237,
or a comparable up-to-date text, in addition to the lab manual for reference, review, and
terminology.
This
Lab utilizes WebCT for
assignments and online quizzes, as well as many other resources.
Student Equipment. We suggest that you purchase a blunt probe
and you must purchase vinyl examination gloves to
use with the cadavers. You will not be able to effectively study anatomy on the cadavers without them. Both of
these items are available at either of the UNM bookstores. You will need around 15 pairs of vinyl
gloves over the course of the semester. We suggest that you purchase a number of these and carry
them in your book bag so that you do not forget them. Many students purchase lab coats.
Cadaver work can leave stains and odors on clothing. Lab coats can be purchased at the North
Campus bookstore or at uniform or medical supply stores around Albuquerque.
Lab Materials. Cadaver study will be a vital part of your education. They give a three-dimensional perspective and allow hands-on learning that simply cannot be obtained from diagrams. Due to the cost of using cadavers, many schools have eliminated them from their curricula. Since we use four cadavers for around 500 students each semester, special care must be taken to preserve them as well as our other materials. Do NOT use pencils and pens as probes as these will mark and damage the specimens. The markings around the foramina of our teaching skeletons are evidence of the abuses of the students that came before you. Do not use the labels on the cadavers as handles because many of the structures are fragile and will tear. The cadavers must be kept moist with wetting solution at all times and they should be covered when not in use. Please be conscientious in spraying and wrapping cadavers for the benefit of all students using them.
Obviously, with this many students using so few cadavers we cannot actually dissect the cadavers in this class. The dissections are done by students enrolled in a biology class called Prosection (BIOL 447). If you would like to study anatomy in greater detail after taking this course, you are invited to apply for enrollment in prosection. See the course coordinator for further information and an enrollment application.
Special caution must also be taken when using microscopes. With the financial condition of the University, what microscopes we have are very difficult to replace. Take care when carrying microscopes. Be careful not to jam the lenses onto the slides, and be sure that you use only oil on the oil-immersion lenses and lens cleaning paper on the lenses. The prepared histological slides are also expensive and easily broken. Be careful that you do not drop them or jam the lenses down onto them. Partially as a response to these problems we have developed the Virtual Microscope®, an online tutorial and collection of microscope slides from your laboratory which are available in the laboratory and to any computer with an internet connection.
To
make it easier to study outside of the lab many of the models and specimens used
are pictured in WebLab,
an interactive tutorial similar in format to the Virtual
Microscope®
Examinations. Questions for examinations will be drawn from laboratory exercises from the lab manual, lab lectures given by your TA, and reading assignments from the text. Use this syllabus as a guide of the depth of knowledge required in this class. The "Terms to Know" lists are the minimal level of knowledge required for a passing grade. Many of the terms will be found in the text listed for BIOL 237.
Enough lecturing! You have begun what will prove to be a fascinating study of human structure
and function. This lab will require considerable effort but the payoff will be great. Many students
have said that this course is one of the most interesting and rewarding courses that they have ever
taken. Enjoy!
PRECAUTIONS & REQUIRED MATERIALS
PRECAUTIONS:
Cadavers are preserved with a solution of formalin (which produces formaldehyde in water) and phenol, intended to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Both of these are toxic and extended exposure should be avoided. The effect of formalin is mostly as an irritant in the respiratory system and mucous membranes. Although formalin is a suspected carcinogen, studies have not shown it to be mutagenic or teratogenic, i.e., it has not been shown to cause cellular mutations or birth defects. Phenol is a caustic substance that also can burn the skin and mucous membranes.
The wetting solution used in our cadaver lab does not contain these substances. Instead it contains phenoxyethanol and glycerin in water. These substances retard growth of microorganisms while helping to reduce the dessication of tissues. Phenoxyethanol is toxic when ingested.
Exposure to all of these should be limited in the following ways:
1) Gloves and protective clothing: gloves should be worn at all times when using the cadavers to avoid skin exposure. Students must provide their own gloves. Students should wear a lab coat to protect skin and clothing from contamination and stains.
2) Proper ventilation should be maintained by keeping the exhaust system on high when the cadavers are in use, and using a fan to circulate air over the cadavers. If close work with the cadavers results in burning sensation of the nose or eyes, cease the exposure. Pull back away from the specimen, adjust the air flow, or take a break to get some fresh air.
3) Students wearing contact lenses may find it necessary to remove them when working in the cadaver lab. Permeable contact lenses may absorb formalin and cause irritation to the eyes.
If you have any condition that might be affected by exposure to any of the above agents, or which may affect your lab participation in any way, do the following:
1) Notify your lab instructor: your instructor can advise you of ways to minimize the impact on lab work. Also, your lab instructor can be prepared for any situation that might arise.
2) Consult your physician: your physician can give you the best information on what effect the
preservatives, etc., may have on your condition and help you to make an informed choice
regarding continued participation in the lab.
TEXTS AND OTHER REQUIRED/OPTIONAL MATERIALS Required: Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual,
Elaine Marieb, 6th Edition. All references in this syllabus are
to the above. Strongly Suggested but Optional: *1) Adam Interactive Anatomy Student Lab Guide. Benjamin-Cummings.
This is available bundled with the above laboratory manual at a substantial
savings off the individual price. 2) Anatomy Coloring Book, Kapit & Elson; In addition to the above lab manual, students are required to purchase gloves
for use in the cadaver lab and with other preserved specimens. Gloves may be
obtained at the medical bookstore or at pharmacies, surgical supply stores, etc.
Several students can usually split one box of gloves for the entire semester,
bringing a pair or two each week for use in the lab. Students are advised to
wear a lab coat to protect skin and clothing from contamination and
stains; these may be purchased at the bookstore or at uniform shops, etc. Drawing
paper and pencils are advised (see instructor for types preferred) for
in-lab histology drawings.
Interactive
Anatomy
ADAM Interactive Anatomy is a computer program for studying anatomy of the human body. It will be used as an supplement in the laboratory and is available on the laboratory computers. It is also available online to all students who have purchased a new copy of Human Anatomy and Physiology 6th Edition, by Marieb. Students may also purchase the student version as a CD ROM for use at home. Where you see the above symbol you will find general directions for what to study. Use of the Adam Interactive Anatomy Student Lab Guide will allow students to follow a more precise plan in their study.
ADAM Interactive Physiology consists of 7
CD ROM disks on each of the major body systems. It is available budled with the
course textbook or independently. Disks will also be available for student use
in the laboratory.
Each laboratory session will normally begin with a Powerpoint™ presentation
illustrating the tissues and organ system to be studied. These presentations are
available on the web at: http://biology.unm.edu/anatomy/ppt.htm Also linked to this page are histology and pathology slides, lecture class
notes, and this manual. You will also find relevant histology modules at http://webanatomy.net/histology/histology.htm
and also at the Virtual
Microscope®,
TERMS TO KNOW
anatomical position
superior
inferior
anterior
posterior
cephalad (cephalic)
caudad (caudal)
dorsal
ventral
proximal
distal
medial
lateral
superficial
deep
sagittal section
midsagittal section
parasagittal section
longitudinal section
frontal (coronal) section
transverse (cross) section
brachium (brachial)
antebrachium (antebrachial)
cubitum (cubital) (the elbow or olecranon)
antecubital (opposite and anterior to the cubitum)
popliteal
gluteal
pubic
femoral
lumbar
oral
orbital
cervical
thoracic
body cavities
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
thoracic cavity
pleural cavities
pericardial cavity
mediastinum
abdominal cavity
peritoneum
pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic quadrants
abdominopelvic regions
umbilical
epigastric
hypogastric
iliac
lumbar
hypochondriac
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
immune system
LAB PROTOCOL
I. Anatomical Terminology and Organ Systems: Exercises 1 and 2 in Marieb Lab Manual
A. Materials:
1. articulated skeleton
2. torso model
B. Procedures
II. Assignment - Complete the 1st Assignment on Anatomical Terminology on WebCT.
TERMS TO KNOW
Microscopy Terms:
base
arm
light source
irisdiaphragm
condenser
filter
mechanical stage
coarse adjustment
fine adjustment
objectives
scan
low power
high power
oil immersion
oculars
Histology Terms:
epithelium
simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
simple columnar
stratified columnar
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
transitional
goblet cell
mucus
nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell junctions
apical surface
basal surface
basement membrane
cilia
I. Microscopy: Marieb Lab Manual Exercise 3
A. Materials: binocular microscopes and the Virtual Microscope®,
B. Procedures:
1. Identify microscope parts and functions.
2. Proper use of microscope for today's slides.
3. Proper cleaning and care of microscope.
II. Epithelial Tissue: Marieb Lab Manual Exercise 6 [also see color plates]
A. Histology Slides;
also see Histology Modules: http://webanatomy.net/histology/epithelial_histology.htm
http://webanatomy.net/histology/connective_histology.htm
B. Microscope Slides: Microscope Slides or Virtual Microscope®: showing tissues identified with * above, plus skin sections.
simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium smear and kidney section)
simple cuboidal epithelium (mostly kidney sections).
simple columnar epithelium (kidney section and intestine section)
stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis of skin)
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (trachea)
transitional epithelium (urinary bladder)
V. Skin: The organ of the Integumentary System. Exercise 7
A. Materials: As above.
B. Procedures: Identify functional anatomy of skin and relate to tissues.
C. Terms to Know:
keratinized cells
non-keratinized cells
integumentary system
epidermis
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germinativum (stratum basale)
melanin
melanocyte
keratin
keratinocyte
dermis
hair follicle
arrector pili muscle
sebaceous gland
sweat gland
apocrine
eccrine
Meissner's corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
papillary layer
dermal papillae
reticular layer
hypodermis (subcutaneous)
CONNECTIVE TISSUES, CARTILAGE,
BONES AS ORGANS, BONE CONTOURS
TERMS TO KNOW
A. Connective Tissue: Exercise 6
Terms to Know
connective tissue
areolar (loose) tissue
adipose tissue
fibrous connective tissue (dense regular)
reticular tissue
elastic c.t.
fibroblast (fibrocyte)
extracellular matrix
elastin (elastic) fibers
collagen fibers
reticular fibers
chondrocyte
cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
matrix
B. Bone Tissue
Haversian system (osteon)
Haversian canal
Volkmann's canal
canaliculi
lacunae
osteocyte
osteoblast
osteoclast
C. BONES AS ORGANS
lamella (concentric, interstitial)
compact bone
cancellous bone
diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal disk (plate)
epiphyseal line
medullary cavity
red marrow
yellow marrow
periosteum
endosteum
articular cartilage
D. BONE CONTOURS
process
condyle
tubercle
tuberosity
spine
trochanter
fossa
foramen
sinus
meatus
notch
groove
LAB PROTOCOL
I. Connective Tissue, Bone, and Cartilage Histology: Exercises 6 and 9 in lab manual
A. Materials:
1.
Histology slides; see also: http://webanatomy.net/histology/bone_tissue.htm 2. microscope slides and the
a. dry ground bone
b. decalcified bone
c. developing bone
d. elastic cartilage
e. hyaline cartilage
f. fibrocartilage
B. Procedures:
1. Identify and recognize histological characteristics of bone and cartilage and relate to function.
2. Identify locations of different types of bone and cartilage tissue.
II. Examination of Bone as an Organ: Exercise 9
A. Materials: Sectioned long bone
B. Procedures: Use sectioned bone to identify visible tissues and describe location of tissues no longer present.
III. Bone Markings: Exercise 9
A. Materials:
1. articulated and disarticulated bones
2. transparencies
B. Procedures: Discussion of meanings of terms, functions of markings, learning techniques.
SKELETON: THE SKULL & AXIAL SKELETON
TERMS TO KNOW
A. THE SKULL
cranium
frontal bone
parietal bones
temporal bones
mandibular (glenoid) fossa
external acoustic meatus
zygomatic process
mastoid process
internal acoustic meatus
foramen lacerum
jugular foramen
carotid canal
occipital bone
lambdoidal suture
foramen magnum
occipital condyles
hypoglossal canal
sphenoid bone
optic foramen
sella turcica
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
superior orbital fissure
ethmoid bone
cribriform plate
crista galli
perpendicular plate
conchae
nasal bones
lacrimal bones
maxilla
zygomatic bone
palatine bone
vomer bone
paranasal sinuses (frontal, maxillary, ethmoid,
sphenoid)
mandible
coronoid process
angle of mandible
mandibular condyle
hyoid bone
coronal (frontal) suture
lambdoidal (occipital) suture
squamosal (temporal) suture
sagittal (longitudinal) suture
fetal skull
anterior fontanel
posterior fontanel
sphenoidal (anterolateral) fontanel
mastoid (posterolateral) fontanel
B. AXIAL SKELETON:
vertebrae
cervical
atlas
axis
odontoid process (dens)
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
body of vertebra
vertebral arch
pedicles
laminae
spinous process
articular processes
superior
inferior
transverse process
transverse foramen
vertebral foramen
intervertebral foramen
intervertebral disk
cervical curve
thoracic curve
lumbar curve
scoliosis
kyphosis
lordosis
sternum
manubrium
body (gladiolus)
xiphoid process
true ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)
costal cartilages
false ribs (vertebrochondral ribs)
floating ribs
head, neck & tubercle of rib
clavicle
LAB PROTOCOL
Exercises 10 & 12
The Skull: Exercise 10; Fetal Skull:
Exercise 12
I. Materials:
A. articulated and disarticulated adult skulls
B. newborn skulls
C. transparencies and x-rays
D. Procedures: Use above to identify bones, contours and other features.
Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Anterior, Window centered on head, Layer Indicator
48. Adjust the layer indicator to 49 for internal nose. Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Lateral View, Window centered on head, Layer
Indicator 187 Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Posterior View, Window centered on head, Layer
Indicator 186 Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Lateral View, Window centered on head, Layer
Indicator 209 Atlas Anatomy, System, Skeletal, Skull (Lat) 1 Atlas Anatomy, System, Skeletal, Skull (Inf)Interactive
Anatomy
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THINGS TO KNOW
scapula
glenoid cavity (fossa)
coracoid process
acromian process
spine
infraspinus fossa
supraspinous fossa
vertebral border
axillary border
superior border
humerus
head
anatomical neck
greater tubercle
lesser tubercle
deltoid tuberosity
capitulum
trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa
lateral epicondyle
medial epicondyle
radius
head
radial tuberosity
styloid process
ulna
olecranon process
coronoid process
semilunar (trochlear) notch
radial notch
styloid process
carpus
navicular (scaphoid)
lunate
triquetal
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
metacarpus
phalanges
pelvis (os coxae)
ilium
greater sciatic notch
iliac crest
ischium
lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
pubis
pubis tubercle
symphysis pubis
acetabulum
obturator foramen
femur
head
neck
greater trochanter
lesser trochanter
linea aspera
lateral condyle
medial condyle
tibia
lateral condyle
medial condyle
tibial tuberosity
medial malleolus
fibula
head
lateral malleolus
patella
tarsus
talus
calcaneus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiform (1, 2 & 3)
metatarsus
phalanges
LAB PROTOCOL
Exercises 10 & 11
I. Materials:
A. Articulated and disarticulated bones, bone box sets and extras.
B. Transparencies and x-rays.
II. Procedures: Use above to identify all bones and markings listed in "Terms to Know"
Interactive Anatomy
ARTHROLOGY
MOTOR POINTS, BODY MOVEMENT
TERMS TO KNOW
Types of joints:
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
fibrous joint
sutures
syndesmoses
cartilaginous joint
symphyses
synchodroses
synovial joint
articular cartilage
articular capsule
synovial membrane
bursa
ligament
types of synovial joints
gliding (plane)
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
ball-and-socket
elbow joint
ulnar collateral ligament
radial collateral ligament
annular ligament
knee joint
patellar ligament
quadriceps tendon
fibular collateral ligament
tibial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
posterior cruciate ligament
lateral meniscus
medial meniscus
lateral & medial patellar retinaculum
deep fascia
Muscle Types:
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
skeletal muscle
muscle fiber
myofibril
myofilaments
myosin
actin
A band
I band
Z line
sarcolemma
sarcomere
motor neuron
neuromuscular junction
motor unit
action potential
excitation-contraction coupling:
axon terminals
synaptic cleft
pre-synaptic membrane
post-synaptic membrane
synaptic vesicles
T-tubule system
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ach (acetylcholine)
subliminal (sub-threshold) stimulus
threshold stimulus
latent period
motor unit (spatial) summation (recruitment)
wave (temporal) summation
tetanus
flexion
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
supination
pronation
inversion
eversion
elevation
depression
protraction
retraction
perimysium
endomysium
fasciculus (fascicle)
muscle fiber
origin
insertion
agonist
antagonist
synergist
fixator
tendon
aponeurosis
LAB PROTOCOL
I. Articulations and Movements: Exercise 13
A. Materials
1. articulated and disarticulated skeleton
2. joint models
3. transparencies
4. cadaver dissections
5. Open ADAM and select Atlas Anatomy. Select Region and Upper
Limb. First select Flexed Elbow Posterior. An image of the
elbow will appear in the preview window. Open this selection. Identify the
pinned structures. Next open Flexed Elbow Lateral from the same
upper limb region and identify the pinned structures. From Atlas Anatomy select Region and Lower
Limb. Select Knee Joint (Ant/Post) and Knee Joint (Post)
and open these selections. Identify the pinned structures. II. Muscle Histology: Exercise 14 A. Materials: 1. Histology slides; see also: http://webanatomy.net/histology/muscle_histology.htm 2. microscope slides and the
Interactive Anatomy
a. smooth muscle, c.s. and l.s.
b. smooth muscle teased
c. cardiac muscle, c.s. and l.s.
d. skeletal muscle, c.s. and l.s.
B. Procedures
1. Describe and give examples for joint types: synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses.
2. Relate the types of joints to their structure: fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
3. Identify the types of synovial joints with examples and movements. Discuss how these movements can supplement (synergists), oppose (antagonists) or stabilize (fixators) one another.
4. Use cadavers to identify the major structural aspects of selected joints.
II. Muscle Histology: Exercise 14
A. Materials:
1. Models of joints
2. microscope slides and/or the Virtual Microscope®:
a. smooth muscle, c.s. and l.s.
b. smooth muscle teased
c. cardiac muscle, c.s. and l.s.
d. skeletal muscle, c.s. and l.s.
B. Procedures:
1. Compare structure of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
2. Identify major anatomical features of each type and relate to function.
III. Muscle Physiology
A. Materials:
Interactive Physiology
The Neuromuscular Junction
Sliding Filament Theory
Muscle Metabolism
Contraction of Motor Units
Contraction of Whole Muscle
B. Procedures: Use the above to illustrate the following:
1. muscle twitch
2. latent period
3. motor unit summation (recruitment, quantal or spatial summation)
4. wave summation ( incomplete tetanus, temporal summation)
5. tetanus
MUSCLES I
TERMS TO KNOW
platysma
masseter
temporalis
orbicularis oris
orbicularis oculi
trapezius
splenius capitus
splenius cervicis
semispinalis capitus
semispinalis cervicis
semispinalis thoracis
longissimus capitus
sternocleidomastoideus
pectoralis major
deltoideus
serratus anterior
pectoralis minor
external intercostal (intercostalis externi)
internal intercostal (intercostalis interni)
subscapularis
latissimus dorsi
infraspinatus
teres major
teres minor
levator scapulae
supraspinatus
rhomboideus major
rhomboideus minor
erector spinae
quadratus lumborum
MECHANICS OF MUSCLE FUNCTION
A skeletal muscle acts by contracting, or shortening, thereby pulling one of the bones to which it
is attached (the insertion) closer to the other bone to which it is attached (the origin). For
example, the brachialis originates on the humerus and inserts on the ulna. When it contracts, it
pulls the ulna closer to the humerus, or flexes the forearm.
All muscles cross at least one joint, and it is only at this joint that the muscle can create
movement. The brachialis, for example, can generate movement only at the elbow joint. Some
muscles cross two joints and can therefore create movement at two different joints. The rectus
femoris originates on the anterior part of the pelvic girdle and inserts on the anterior proximal
tibia, so it crosses both the hip and knee joints. It can either flex the thigh or extend the lower leg,
depending on which other muscles are contracting at the same time.
Since joints can be moved in more than one direction, there must be muscles on more than one
side of the joint to give it a full range of movement. The brachialis crosses the anterior side of the
elbow joint and when it contracts, the elbow is flexed. To extend the elbow joint, another muscle
is needed on the opposite side of the joint; this muscle is the triceps brachii which crosses the
posterior side of the elbow. The brachialis and triceps brachii are said to be antagonistic muscles
because they pull the forearm in opposite directions. The hip joint is capable of flexion, extension,
abduction and adduction; to create these movements there must be muscles crossing the anterior,
posterior, medial and lateral sides of the joint.
A simple way to figure out the action of any muscle is to look at the origin, insertion and joint and
determine what kind of motion is created at the joint when the insertion is pulled closer to the
origin. You should be able to do this with all the muscles you study during the next few weeks.
On the next page is a list of origins and insertions for some hypothetical muscles. Using a skeleton
or your own body as a model, figure out the action each muscle would have. Use a cut rubber
band with one end placed on the origin and the other end on the insertion. Observe the movement
which occurs when the insertion moves toward the origin. Some muscles may have more than one
action. Definitions of the different kinds of actions can be found in the textbook.
Muscles are named according to characteristics such as shape, location (often origin to insertion), action, structure and size. Use the name to help remember where the muscle is and what it does.
| ORIGIN | INSERTION | ACTION |
| Thoracic vertebrae | Occipital | |
| Sternum | Mandible | |
| Anterior ribs | Proximal end of humerus | |
| Dorsal side of radius | Dorsal side of metacarpals | |
| Ventral side of ulna | Ventral side of third phalanx | |
| Posterior side of pelvic girdle | Posterior side of fibula | |
| Posterior side of femur | Calcaneus | |
| Anterior side of tibia | Dorsal side of metatarsals |
Fill in the ACTION column with the action(s) each muscle would have.
KEY TO MUSCLE ORIGINS AND INSERTIONS
Use the skeleton figures which follow to help identify the location and action for each muscle.
Color the point(s) of origin of each muscle red and their insertions blue. Draw lines to indicate the
shape of muscle connecting origin with insertion. Use additional photocopies to avoid
overlapping muscles.
1. temporalis
2. masseter
3. sternocleidomastoideus
4. pectoralis major
5. pectoralis minor
6. deltoideus
7. serratus anterior
8. subscapularis
9. trapezius
10. semispinalis capitus
11. splenius capitus
12. longissimus capitus
13. levator scapulae
14. rhomboideus minor
15. rhomboideus major
16. supraspinatus
17. infraspinatus
18. teres minor
19. teres major
20. latissimus dorsi
21. sacrospinalis
LAB PROTOCOL
Identification of Muscles and Actions:
A. Materials:
1. models of the torso, arm and leg
2. cadavers
3. skeletons and skeleton diagrams
4. tables in lab guide
5. rubber bands or string
B. Procedures
1. Identify muscles and locations on models, on one another and on the cadavers.
2. Use skeletons and skeleton diagrams to identify origins, insertions and actions; suggestions:
a. use rubber bands with articulated bones, placing ends at origin and insertion and shorten the band to simulate the muscle's action.
b. use skeleton diagrams to draw muscles, coloring origins red and insertions blue. (You'll need to xerox more skeletons.)
3. Use guides as described to discern action of muscle when given its origin and insertion.
(Suggestion: Test some known muscles in this way.)
Open ADAM and select Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Anterior. Select Layer 8
from the Layer Indicator Slide on the Left. Use the Identify tool to Identify
the muscles seen in this view. Then increase the Layer Indicator to 10. Identify
the additional muscles seen in this view. Select Posterior from the View button drop-down menu. Adjust the Layer
Indicator to 9. Use the Identify tool to identify the muscles seen. Change the
Layer Indicator to 10 to see additional parts of the deeper muscles.
Interactive Anatomy
MUSCLES II
TERMS TO KNOW
anconeus
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
triceps brachii
supinator
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulnaris
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum profundus
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digitorum communis
extensor indicis
extensor digiti minimi
flexor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
abductor pollicis longus
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor retinaculum
extensor retinaculum
thenar muscles of thumb
external oblique
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
aponeurosis of external oblique
linea alba
KEY TO ARM MUSCLE ORIGINS AND INSERTIONS
Figure 3 - Anterior & Posterior Arms:
Color muscles as before, making additional photocopies to avoid overlapping.
1. coracobrachialis
2. biceps brachii
3. brachialis
4. triceps brachii
5. brachioradialis
6. pronator teres
7. pronator quadratus
8. flexor carpi radialis
9. flexor carpi ulnaris
10. palmaris longus
11. flexor digitorum superficialis
12. flexor digitorum profundus
13. flexor pollicis longus
14. supinator
15. extensor carpi radialis longus
16. extensor carpi radialis brevis
17. extensor carpi ulnaris
18. extensor digitorum communis
19. extensor digiti minimi
20. extensor indicis
21. extensor pollicis brevis
22. extensor pollicis longus
23. abductor pollicis longus
24. abductor pollicis brevis
25. adductor pollicis
CROSS-SECTION THROUGH RIGHT BRACHIUM
A. Humerus
B. Brachial artery, vein, nerve
1. Deltoid
2. Biceps brachii
3. Coracobrachialis
4. Triceps brachii
CROSS-SECTION THROUGH RIGHT FOREARM
|
A. Radius B. Ulna C. Radial artery, vein, nerve D. Basilic vein E. Median nerve F. Ulnar artery, vein, nerve G. Cephalic vein
|
|
1. Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anterior 2. Pronator teres 3. Extensor carpi radialis longus 4. Brachioradialis 5. Flexor carpi radialis 6. Palmaris longus 7. Flexor digitorum superficialis 8. Flexor carpi ulnaris |
9. Flexor digitorum profundus
10. Extensor carpi ulnaris 11. Extensor pollicis longus 12. Extensor digitorum 13. Abductor pollicis longus 14. Flexor pollicis longus
|
LAB PROTOCOL
Identification of Muscles and Actions:
A. Materials:
1. models of the torso, arm and leg
2. cadavers
3. skeletons and skeleton diagrams
4. tables in lab guide
5. rubber bands or string
B. Procedures
1. Identify muscles and locations on models, on one another and on the cadavers.
2. Use skeletons and skeleton diagrams to identify origins, insertions and actions; suggestions:
a. use rubber bands with articulated bones, placing ends at origin and insertion and shorten the band to simulate the muscle's action.
b. use skeleton diagrams to draw muscles, coloring origins red and insertions blue. (You'll need to xerox more skeletons.)
3. Use guides as described to discern action of muscle when given its origin and insertion.
(Suggestion: Test some known muscles in this way.)
From Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Posterior, adjust
the image so that the posterior right arm is filling your view. Select Layer
Indicator 9, and identify the muscles shown. You may have to scroll up
or down to see all the muscles. Next switch to the Anterior view, Layer
Indicator 20 and do the same. In each view practice dissecting through
various layers to see how the muscles, vessels, nerves, etc. are arranged. Adjust the image seen above so that the chest/abdominal muscles
fill the screen. Identify the muscles seen. You may have to scroll up or
down to see the chest and abdominal muscles. Page through the layers from
20 to 28, and identify the additional muscles seen. Continue until you
reach layer 167, to identify the diaphragm, and 200
to identify the psoas major and iliacus muscles Next go to the Posterior View, Layer 10, and identify the
muscles. Increase the Layer Indicator to Layer 12 and identify the
muscles which have now appeared.
Interactive Anatomy
MUSCLES III
TERMS TO KNOW
gluteus maximus
iliotibial tract
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
piriformis
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
pectineus
quadriceps femoris group
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
gracilis
sartorius
tensor fasciae latae
hamstring group
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
iliopsoas
psoas major
iliacus
triceps surae
gastrocnemius
soleus
Achilles tendon
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
peroneus tertius
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
crural compartments
anterior
lateral
posterior
CROSS-SECTION THROUGH RIGHT THIGH
Anterior
A. Femur
B. Femoral Artery and Vein
C. Great Saphenous Vein
D. Sciatic Nerve
1. Vastus medialis
2. Sartorius
3. Adductor longus
4. Adductor magnus
5. Gracilis
6. Semimembranosus
7. Semitendinosus
8. Biceps femoris (long head)
9. Biceps femoris (short head)
10. Vastus lateralis
11. Vastus intermedius
12. Rectus femoris
CROSS-SECTION THROUGH
LEFT CALF
A. Tibia
B. Fibula
C. Interosseous membrane
D. Anterior crural intermuscular septum
E. Posterior crural intermuscular septum
Anterior Crural Compartment
1. tibialis anterior
2. extensor digitorum longus
3. extensor hallicus longus
Lateral Crural Compartment
4. peroneus longus
5. peroneus brevis
Posterior Crural Compartment
6. tibialis posterior
7. flexor hallicus longus
8. flexor digitorum longus
9. soleus
10. gastrocnemius
KEY TO LEG MUSCLE ORIGINS AND INSERTIONS
Color muscles as before, making additional photocopies to avoid overlapping.
1. psoas major
2. iliacus
3. quadratus lumborum
4. piriformis
5. gluteus maximus
6. gluteus medius
7. gluteus minimus
8. adductor brevis
9. adductor longus
10. adductor magnus
11. gracilis
12. sartorius
13. rectus femoris
14. vastus medialis
15. vastus intermedius
16. vastus lateralis
17. semimembranosus
18. semitendinosus
19. biceps femoris
20. tensor fascia latae
21. tibialis anterior
22. extensor digitorum longus
23. extensor hallucis longus
24. peroneus longus
25. peroneus brevis
26. gastrocnemeus
27. soleus
28. flexor digitorum longus
29. tibialis posterior
30. flexor hallucis longus
LAB PROTOCOL
Exercise 15
I. Identification of Muscles and Actions:
A. Materials:
1. models of the torso, arm and leg
2. cadavers
3. skeletons and skeleton diagrams
4. tables in lab guide
5. rubber bands or string
B. Procedures
1. Identify muscles and locations on models, on one another and on the cadavers.
2. Use skeletons and skeleton diagrams to identify origins, insertions and actions; suggestions:
a. use rubber bands with articulated bones, placing ends at origin and insertion and shorten the band to simulate the muscle's action.
b. use skeleton diagrams to draw muscles, coloring origins red and insertions blue. (You'll need to xerox more skeletons.)
3. Use guides as described to discern action of muscle when given its origin and insertion.
(Suggestion: Test some known muscles in this way.)
From Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Anterior, adjust
the image so that the legs are filling your view. Select Layer
Indicator 181, and identify the muscles shown and associated
structures. You may have to scroll up or down to see all the muscles. Page
down through layer 300 to see additional views of some muscles. Next switch to the Posterior view, Layer Indicator 11 and
do the same for the posterior leg muscles. Begin at the gluteal region
and upper thigh and page down to layer 121. Then scroll down to the knee
and calf and page down to Layer 155. In each view practice dissecting through various layers to see how the
muscles, vessels, nerves, etc. are arranged.
Interactive Anatomy
NERVOUS SYSTEM I
TERMS TO KNOW
neuron
multipolar n.
unipolar n.
bipolar n.
dendrite
nerve cell body (cyton)
axon
endoneurium
fasciculus
perineurium
epineurium
Schwann cell
myelin
neurilemma
node of Ranvier
neuroglia
astrocyte
microglia
oligodendrocyte
ependymal
neurofibrils
saltatory conduction
sensory (afferent) neuron
interneuron
motor (efferent) neuron
collaterals
white matter
gray matter
posterior (dorsal) root
anterior (ventral) root
spinal ganglion
spinal nerve
central canal
conus medullaris
cauda equina
filum terminale
denticulate ligament
meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
epidural space
subdural space
subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid
spinal tract
posterior median sulcus
anterior median fissure
LAB PROTOCOL
Nervous System Histology: Exercise 17
Spinal Cord: Exercise 21
I. Neuron Anatomy:
A. Materials: microscope slides and/or the Virtual Microscope®:.
B. Procedures:
1. identify the structural features of neurons
2. identify the functional types of neurons and relate to structural characteristics.
3. describe locations and relationships of neuron types.
II. Spinal Cord and Nerve Anatomy:
A. Materials:
1. models of spinal cord
2. microscope slides and/or the Virtual
Microscope®:
a. giant multipolar neurons, spinal cord smear
b. Nissl bodies, neurocytes, c.s. spinal cord
c. nerve, c.s. and l.s.
d. medullated nerve, teased OsO4
e. miscellaneous nerve tissues
f. spinal cord c.s., some w/ ganglion, silver stain
g. spinal cord, c.s., assorted
B. Procedures:
1. identify anatomical features of spinal cord and relate to neuron types and structures.
2. identify anatomical features of nerves and relate to neuron structure.
From Dissectible Anatomy, select Posterior, adjust the
image so that the back is filling your view. Select Layer Indicator 178,
and identify the dura mater along with the spinal ganglia.
You Scroll up and down to observe the spinal cord in its entirety. Change
the Layer Indicator to 179, and then to 180 to
observe the arachnoid layer and then the cord itself. Select Open from the file menu and then Atlas Anatomy. Select System,
Nervous, and select Spinal Cord Vessels and Meninges. Identify the
relevant structures. Again open Atlas Anatomy, Nervous System, and select T12 Vertebra. Identify
the relevant structures.
Interactive
Anatomy
Interactive Physiology
Ion Channels
Membrane Potential
Action Potential
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration
SPINAL NERVES: SPINAL CORD REFLEXES,
PERIPHERAL NERVES
TERMS TO KNOW
spinal segment
cervical plexus
brachial plexus
lateral cord
musculocutaneous n.
medial cord
median n.
ulnar n.
posterior cord
axillary n.
radial n.
lumbar plexus
femoral n.
obturator n.
lateral femoral cutaneous n.
sacral plexus
superior gluteal n.
inferior gluteal n.
pudendal n.
posterior cutaneous n.
sciatic n.
tibial n.
common peroneal n.
superficial peroneal n.
deep peroneal n.
somatic reflex
visceral reflex
hyperflexia
hyporeflexia
pathological reflexes
autonomic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
vertebral (paravertebral) ganglion
collateral ganglion
preganglionic neuron
postganglionic neuron
parasympathetic nervous system
SPINAL NERVES OF THE ARM
| Nerve | Origin | Distribution |
| axillary | posterior cord
(C5, 6) |
motor: deltoid, teres minor
sensory: area over distal part of deltoid |
| median | lateral and medial
cords
(C5,6,7,8; T1) |
motor: flexors and pronators
located in forearm sensory: lateral of palm, first four digits |
| musculocutaneous | lateral cord (C5,6,7) | motor: flexors located in upper arm
sensory: medial side of upper arm; ventral side of forearm |
| radial | posterior cord
(C5,6,7,8; T1) |
motor: all extensors of arm and hand
sensory: dorsal side of arm; lateral ½ of dorsal side of hand |
| ulnar | medial cord
(C7,8; T1) |
motor: flexors located in forearm and hand sensory: medial part of hand, both dorsal and ventral; 4th and 5th fingers |
SPINAL NERVES OF THE LEG
| Nerve | Origin | Distribution |
| lateral femoral cutaneous | L2,3 | sensory: lateral side of thigh |
| femoral | L2,3,4 | motor: muscles on anterior side of
thigh
sensory: anterior side of thigh; medial half of lower leg |
| obturator | L2,3,4 | motor: adductors of high and knee
sensory: proximal medial part of thigh |
| superior gluteal | L4,5; S1 | motor: gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fasciae latae |
| inferior gluteal | L5; S1,2 | motor: gluteus maximus |
| posterior femoral cutaneous | S1,2,3 | sensory: posterior side of thigh |
| pudendal | S2,3,4 | sensory: genitalia, perineum, anus |
| sciatic | L4,5; S1,2,3 | motor: see tibial and peroneal
branches
sensory: see tibial and peroneal branches |
| tibial branch | motor: see superficial and deep
branches
sensory: proximal lateral part of lower leg; see superficial and deep branches | |
| common peroneal | motor: hamstrings; posterior compartment of lower leg sensory: distal posterior part of lower leg | |
| superficial peroneal | motor: lateral compartment of lower
leg
sensory: distal anterior part of lower leg | |
| deep peroneal | motor: anterior compartment of lower
leg
sensory: part of dorsal side of foot |
MUSCULAR DISTRIBUTION
OF THE SPINAL NERVES OF THE ARM AND LEG
These are the muscles that we have covered listed by the spinal nerves that supply them. On the
muscleman figure, color all of the muscles supplied by one nerve the same color.
Axillary
deltoid
teres minor
Median
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
pronator teres
flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
abductor pollicis brevis
flexor pollicis brevis
Musculocutaneous
biceps brachii
brachialis
coracobrachialis
Radial
triceps brachii
brachioradialis
supinator
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi ulnaris
extensor digiti minimi
extensor digitorum communis
extensor indicis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis longus
Ulnar
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum profundus
(medial half)
adductor pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
(deep part)
Obturator
adductor brevis
adductor longus
adductor magnus
gracilis
Superior Gluteal
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fasciae latae
Inferior Gluteal
gluteus maximus
Femoral
sartorius
quadriceps femoris
Sciatic
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
Tibial
gastrocnemius
soleus
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
tibialis posterior
Superficial peroneal
peroneus brevis
peroneus longus
Deep peroneal
extensor digitorum
extensor hallicus longus
tibialis anterior
CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTIONS
OF THE SPINAL NERVES OF THE ARM
Color the skin areas innervated by each of the major spinal nerves of the arm a different color.
A = axillary n. R = radial n.
Me = median n. U = ulnar n.
Mu =
musculocutaneous n.
CUTANEOUS DISTRIBUTIONS
OF THE SPINAL NERVES OF THE LEG
Color the skin areas innervated by each of the major spinal nerves of the leg a different color.
CP = common peroneal n. O = obturator n.
DP = deep peroneal n. PF = posterior femoral cutaneous n.
F = femoral n. SP = superficial peroneal n.
LF = lateral femoral cutaneous n. T = tibial n.
LAB PROTOCOL
I. Peripheral Nerves: Exercise 21
A. Materials:
1. cadaver dissections
2. models of whole body, arm, leg
B. Procedures:
1. Identify the location of peripheral nerves and their functions.
2. Relate peripheral nerves to spinal cord as previously studied.
3. Identify locations and functions of divisions of autonomic n.s.
From Dissectible Anatomy, Male, Anterior, adjust
the image so that the right arm and shoulder are filling your view. Select
Layer Indicator 82. Observe the brachial plexus along with
other nearby structures. Change the Layer Indicator to 86 and
identify the trunks and nerves of the plexus. Scroll down along the arm
and page through layers from. 86 to 117, identifying the radial,
median, and ulnar nerves along the way. Next move to the upper right thigh region, Layer Indicator 181.
Identify the femoral nerve, obturator nerve, and other structures of this
region. Switch to the posterior view with both thighs and hips visible and go
to Layer Indicator 108. Identify the sciatic, superior
gluteal, and posterior cutaneous nerves. Page down to layer
120 identifying the inferior gluteal nerve along with other
structures. Scroll down to observe the branching of the tibial and common
peroneal nerves.
Interactive Anatomy
II. Reflexology: Exercise 22
A. Materials:
1. reflex hammers, etc.
2. Flexicomp computer software and computer
B. Procedures:
1. Discuss anatomy and physiology of reflex arc, relate to spinal cord anatomy.
2. Perform reflex experiments as instructed.
3. Use Flexicomp to perform tendon/stretch reflex experiments. Begin with knee jerk on volunteer subject. Compare normal vs. facilitated response. (See Flexicomp Lab Manual, p. 7.) Measure parameters such as latent period and displacement and compare under different conditions and with different reflexes.
NERVOUS SYSTEM III
A. THE BRAIN
TERMS TO KNOW
meninges
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater
falx cerebri
superior sagittal sinus
arachnoid granulations (villi)
choroid plexus
telencephalon (forebrain)
cerebrum
frontal lobe
pre-central gyrus
parietal lobe
post-central gyrus
temporal lobe
occipital lobe
central sulcus
lateral fissure
longitudinal fissure
corpus callosum
basal nuclei
fornix
lateral ventricles
septum pellucidum
diencephalon
thalamus
intermediate mass
hypothalamus
epithalamus
pineal body
mammillary bodies
hypophysis (pituitary)
infundibulum
optic chiasma
third ventricle
mesencephalon (midbrain)
corpora quadrigemina
(superior and inferior
colliculi)
cerebral peduncles
metencephalon (hindbrain)
cerebellum
Purkinje cells
pons
cerebellar peduncles
fourth ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
myelencephalon (hindbrain)
medulla oblongata
KEY TO HUMAN BRAIN SECTIONS
There are three human brains, each sectioned in a different plane: sagittal, coronal and horizontal.
Locate the following structures in the sections and then try to visualize in your mind their
three-dimensional shape and relationships. The letters following each name are the labels on the
brain sections.
telencephalon (forebrain)
neocortex (NC)
corpus callosum (CC)
septum pellucidum (SP)
basal ganglia
caudate nucleus
head (CNH)
body (CNB)
tail (CNT)
putamen (PT)
globus pallidus (BP)
substantia nigra (SN)
red nucleus (RN)
limbic system
hippocampus (HIP)
fornix (F)
amygdala (A)
lateral ventricle (LV)
diencephalon (forebrain)
epithalamus
pineal body (PB)
habenula (NA)
thalamus (T)
intermediate mass (IM)
pulvinar (PU)
medial geniculate body (MGB)
lateral geniculate body (LGB)
hypothalamus (HT)
mammillary body (MB)
infundibulum (I)
hypophysis (H)
optic nerve (ON)
optic chiasma (OC)
optic tract (OT)
third ventricle (3V)
foramen of Monroe (FM)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculus (SC)
inferior colliculus (IC)
cerebral peduncle (CP)
cerebral aqueduct (CA)
metencephalon (hindbrain)
pons (P)
cerebellum (C)
cerebellar peduncles
anterior (ACP)
middle (MCP)
posterior (PCP)
fourth ventricle (4V)
myelencephalon (hindbrain)
medulla oblongata (MO)
spinal cord (S)
A amygdala
ACP anterior cerebellar peduncle
AV arbor vitae
C cerebellum
CA cerebral aqueduct
CC corpus callosum
CNB caudate nucleus, body
CNH caudate nucleus, head
CNT caudate nucleus, tail
CP cerebral peduncle
F fornix
FM foramen of Monroe
GP globus pallidus
H hypophysis
HA habenula
HIP hippocampus
HT hypothalamus
I infundibulum
IC inferior colliculus
IM intermediate mass
LGB lateral geniculate body
LV lateral ventricle
MB mammillary body
MCP middle cerebellar peduncle
MGB medial geniculate body
MO medulla oblongata
NC neocortex
OC optic chiasma
ON optic nerve
OT optic tract
P pons
PB pineal body
PCP posterior cerebellar peduncle
PT putamen
PU pulvinar
RN red nucleus
S spinal cord
SC superior colliculus
SN substantia nigra
SP septum pellucidum
T thalamus
3V third ventricle
4V fourth ventricle
TERMS TO KNOW
olfactory nerve
olfactory bulb
olfactory tract
optic nerve
optic chiasma
optic tract
oculomotor nerve
trochlear nerve
trigeminal nerve
mandibular division
maxillary division
opthalmic division
abducens nerve
facial nerve
statoacoustic (vestibulocochlear) nerve
vestibular nerve
cochlear nerve
glossopharyngeal nerve
vagus nerve
accessory nerve
hypoglossal nerve
cribriform plate
optic foramen
superior orbital fissure
foramen rotundum
foramen ovale
internal acoustic meatus
jugular foramen
hypoglossal canal
LAB PROTOCOL
I. Anatomy of the Brain: Exercise 19
A. Materials:
1. Cadaver dissections: excised brain specimens, whole and sectioned
2. sheep brains for student dissection
3. brain models
4. brain sections preserved in lucite
5. histology slides; see also: http://webanatomy.net/histology/neural_histology.htm
B. Procedures:
1. Identify indicated parts in models and specimens and relate structures to their functions.
2. Dissect sheep brain as indicated in manual and relate to human brain structurally and
functionally.
Identify the structures in the following views: Dissectible anatomy, Lateral view, Layer indicator 191. Dissectible anatomy, Medial view, Layer indicator 99. Atlas Anatomy, Region, Head and Neck, Cerebral Arterial Circle. Page through the layers to identify structural relationships within the
brain.
Interactive Anatomy
II. Cranial Nerves
A. Materials:
1. dissection/preparation of cranial nerves in cadaver
2. other view of cranial nerves, e.g., skull preparation, manual, etc.
B. Procedures:
1. Discuss nomenclature (On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fin And German Viewed Some Hops), location, origin and course of cranial nerves.
2. Discuss functions of cranial nerves.
SPECIAL SENSES
TERMS TO KNOW
EYE:
sclera
choroid
retina
cornea
iris
optic nerve
suspensory ligament
macula lutea
fovea centralis
optic disc
vitreous body
aqueous humor
lens
ciliary body
canal of Schlemm
pupil
caruncula
conjunctiva
lacrimal gland (superior
and inferior)
lacrimal puncta
lacrimal ducts (superior
and inferior)
lacrimal sac
nasolacrimal duct
superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique
levator palpebrae
superioris
trochlea
EAR:
auricle (pinna)
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane
malleus
incus
stapes
eustachian tube
osseous labyrinth
membranous labyrinth
endolymph, perilymph
vestibule
oval window
round window
cochlea
scala tympani
scala vestibuli
cochlear duct
organ of Corti
tectorial membrane
hair cells
vestibular membrane
basilar membrane
vestibular apparatus
semicircular canals
utricle
saccule
macula
crista ampullaris (ampulla)
LAB PROTOCOL
I. The Eye: Exercise 24
A. Materials:
1. microscope slides (see below)
2. Cadaver dissections: excised and in situ eye dissections
2. sheep eyes, one per 3-4 students
3. eye models
4. vision chart, opthalmoscopes, etc.
B. Procedures:
1. Identify indicated parts in models and specimens and relate structures to their functions.
2. Dissect sheep eye as indicated in manual and relate to human eye structurally and functionally.
3. Perform selected tests and experiments in lab manual.
II. The Ear: Exercise 25
A. Materials:
1. cadaver dissection
2. ear models
3. tuning forks, otoscopes, etc.
4. microscope slides:
a. sagittal section of mammalian eye
b. cochlea section
c. organ of corti
B. Procedures:
1. Identify indicated parts in models and specimens and relate structures to their functions.
2. Perform selected tests and experiments in lab manual.
Identify the structures in the following views: Atlas anatomy, System, Nervous, Extrinsic eye muscles (ant) Atlas anatomy, System, Nervous, Eyeball and extrinsic eye muscles Page through the layers to identify structural relationships within the
brain.
Interactive Anatomy
